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By 1942, Germany and her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. [27], Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east (Ostsiedlung). A debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- "people", from which the word Teutons also originates. [110] Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Today, Germany is a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. [224] This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.[226]. F - Stuttgart [266] During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim. EINIGKEIT UND RECHT UND FREIHEIT, Traduction : However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces. [199] Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update]. [189] The InterCityExpress or ICE train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph). [121] More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. [70] Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people. [170] Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002. [248] DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. With over 83 million inhabitants of its 16 constituent states, it is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. [35] The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet. Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. 1985-2015 [274], Football is the most popular sport in Germany. 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